Mozart Symphony No. 40 - 840 Words

Kendall Kaatz Dr. Galit Kaunitz Music Appreciation 1590-08 Due date: 9/30/14 Mozart Symphony No. 40 The piece that I decide to do was Mozart Symphony No. 40 because it seemed like it would have the most instruments, different dynamics and a different sound to it. There were a lot of instruments you could hear when you first listened to this piece. The first instruments that I heard right away were the violins, flutes, and oboes. As I kept listening I noticed the clarinets, bassoons, cello, viola, and the French horn. The instruments that seemed like they were the most important in this piece were the violins, because they started the piece and through-out the rest of the piece they were always there being the main part of this piece. The melody in the first movement opens with the violins and they are then accompany by the violas and the cello. As you keep listening you notice that French horn, clarinets, flutes, and oboes contribute to the harmony. The first movement is also in the key signature of G minor. As you move through the first movement you enter into the second section which is in a different key. The key signature of the second movement is in B flat major. The instruments that have the melody this time are the violins along with the clarinets and bassoons. The mood through-out the piece to me seemed to have a lightness and grace to it. During the piece I also realized that you pick up on a dark undertone. The dark undertone is in the harmony of theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Analysis of Beethoven Symphony 3 and Mozart Symphony 403307 Words   |  14 PagesBeethoven Symphony No. 3 and Mozart Symphony 40 Forms Sonata form is one of the more popular forms of music that is found in a variety of different works including symphonies, concertos, and sonatas. Sonata form features three distinct sections: the exposition, development, and recapitulation. Mozart was one of the early composers of this form of music. 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Classification And Interpretation Of Research Essay

Hansel Mathew Rodrigues 4148005 Task 2 Research theory 2a. 3 definitions of research are: Definition 1 Research =The systematic collection and interpretation of data or information with the clear purpose to find out the things (Saunders, lewis, Thornhill, research methods for business students, 2009). Definition 2 Research =The work undertaken in an systematic order to increase the stock of knowledge to devise new applications (Manual, 2012). Definition 3 Research =The blueprint for fulfilling research objectives and answer the questions (Cooper Schindler, 2013). critical analysis of each definition Similarities are: Data collection, result finding. Differences are: It can be in systematic way or the person who is doing research, by his way. Conclusion is: The definition are written in different ways but the meanings are same. 2b. The relationship between research and problem solving is; :-The relationship here is that if problems in a particular firm or organisation arises it has to be solved through the process of research to find out where the problem are and recommend various ways to solve the problems (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, Research methods for Business students, 2009). 2c. The relationship between ethics and tourism and hospitality research is :-The ethics are important in tourism and hospitality research, some ethics are related with hospitality and tourism research such as honesty with your staff or co-workers for searing information to avoidShow MoreRelatedSteps Involved in Processing of Data1699 Words   |  7 PagesSTEPS INVOLVED IN PROCESSING OF DATA IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction After the collection of the data has been done, it has to be then processed and then finally analyzed. 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Literature Review on Marriage Free Essays

string(136) " to the end because of how she is about describing the setting of the lady’s death within the moments leading up to her last breathe\." In the study of literature it is very important that you know exactly what you are reading and that you completely understand the meaning behind the stories, poems, or plays. When reading the stories you must fully be able to apply many different analogical structures and also different literature theories to them. When reading the stories about lovers and marriage that are going to be listed in my final paper here, you can truly see how they give many great examples of all the things you need to make literature studies work. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review on Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now In choosing the following stories I have decided that they are the closest things related to my personal life. The Story of an Hour†, â€Å"The Necklace†, and â€Å"The Proposal†. I do believe that these are wonderful works of literature and that they can be fully understood and just work with any person that is open to reading different literature pieces. I do believe that if you are willing to sit down and take the time to read these stories that you will see just how wonderful life with someone can truly be. The way that you need to approach literature is as followed,† The first objection might take this form, in which the reader is imagined to think that this study has not gone far enough. Such readers will have agreed that the theories of literature offered (implicitly or explicitly) by the institutionalist critics discussed above are inadequate in differing but central aspects. They will agree that the dialogue which takes place between the work and its writer and readers as it develops is as important as that which takes place between the work and its origins in philosophical, psychological, and historical causation. They will agree, in short, that works of literature are capable of resisting and transforming institutional contamination as well as succumbing to it. Cited Lansdown, R. Autonomy of Literature : Institutionalism and Its Discontents. (2001) I think that the above is a great way to start when you are beginning to approach literature rather reading it or studying it as well. I believe that it is also important to really do the following as well. When you are reading â€Å"The Story of An Hour† you need to be able to understand that you are reading a story about a woman who experiences a lot of different emotions and experiences a great life trauma. Once you are capable of understanding this reading then you will be able to understand that this is a strong story about trying to understand the great things that can change your life in a few moments on any given day. When I was reading this story, I did find myself being able to relate to it. That may be because I have a heart condition my own self and it was easier to understand that meaning in the story line. For myself in reading this I found that I was using the reader response. I have always been the type of person that has tried to read a story and express my emotions to it by trying to understand and relate to what I am reading. You have to try to use a reader response whenever you are reading a new story or poem. You need to be able to understand the meanings in a story in order to fully either appreciate it or feel nothing towards the story or poem. I however can not see how you would get no feeling what so ever from reading â€Å"The Story of An Hour†, because it is very emotional, heartfelt, and warm. When reading the story you can see how the story is unfolding and leading up to a wonderful ending, even if it very sad at the end as well. When reading any story though you need to be aware of how you can understand any type of story. This is a story that is going to involve you needing to use many different resources in order to fully understand that the writer is trying to use a great expression as to how the lady died in the aftermath of her husband was also found to be dead from a railroad accident. According to the story here you can understand just how the lady probably felt as she was leading up to her own death, while her sister and her husband’s friend were waiting outside the door for her to calm down from receiving bad news on her husband. As far as being able to relate this story to what the author wrote the story about, you can truly see that she was also a heartfelt woman who probably did miss her husband deeply after he died, and had wished that she could have died with him, instead of having to continue on with her life as well. You can understand from the reading that you are going to need to understand a little bit about the author’s life in general to truly enjoy the story for what it is about. If you are going to read a story like this then you are going to want to use the reader-response, formalist, or biographical/ historical approach. The two that make this story easy for me to use and understand has been the reader-response that I have tried to describe in the upper half of the paper. Also the formalist approach works well for me in this paper because the plot to the story is very memorable and stands out very well. It is very suprising to see that you are reading about a woman finding out that her husband was involved in a railroad accident, yet also turns out that she doesn’t live through the news about him as well either even though he was supposed to not be dead in the end. The language the author used to write this story keeps you involved in reading it to the end because of how she is about describing the setting of the lady’s death within the moments leading up to her last breathe. You read "Literature Review on Marriage" in category "Literature" You can understand everything clearly and nothing is expressed in the writing that turns you off from it. You can relate to the characters very easily and see yourself as being one of them in the story line. The point of view is very well wrote out in the first person from what I can understand and believe as the lady is the one describing how she could feel all this things happening to her from the way that she felt them. Overall this is a very wrote out story and you can also use the biographical/historical approach because of the author having lost her husband at a young age as well. You can see how all of that would affect her and make her not want to continue on with her life raising her children alone as well. In reading the necklace you can also see how the husband really loved his wife and would do anything for her. As he was not a rich man but knew of how she longed to go out and feel the life style of the rich. I know that the husband in the story was all about making sure that his wife was able to go out and enjoy herself at a very high price. You can see how the woman in the story is wanting to make sure she has the proper dress and jewelry to wear on the night of the big party. It is about being able to love the life that you are leading and know that no one can make you feel like you do not deserve happiness either. You have to just be thankful for all that you are given and not wish for more because things can always get worse than they are. The Necklace is about being able to understand this from a third person setting. The narrator is the person telling the story from his point of view here and you can see that this is a wonderful way to get to read this because then you can understand how the wife and the husband feel about the wife losing the necklace. It is always important that you be able to see the two sides to a story like this because then you can understand how the man is feeling about having to give up his money for his wife to be able to go out and enjoy herself like she always wants. Then on the other side you can see how the woman must feel about the dress, necklace, and about losing a not so expensive piece of jewelry as well. As well as this is a story about being able to use a reader approach to be able to understand that this story is going to make you feel a certain way in the end. It is important for me to say that I used the reader approach because of the fact that I feel like I really could relate to the lady in the story as well. I want to always know what it would feel like to be a rich woman for just a short time but I do understand that it could not turn out as well as I would like it to either. It is about the story catching your heart and making it break for the couple within it. You want to be able to help this lady who believes that it was important to feel wonderful for just a few hours when finding out that she is responsible for losing what she believes is an important expensive piece of jewelry that she was allowed to borrow. You are wanting to be able to help this woman and man earn the money to pay for the necklace so that they can return to being able to enjoy life’s simply things. In the story of â€Å"The Necklace† it is a story that is based more so on characters and the setting that they are trying to become involved in as well. You want to be able to understand how important the setting is because it is what makes the lady want to be able to experience being rich and famous almost. It is the very thing that has made her poor husband work so hard for just so that he can make sure she gets to go out and enjoy herself in the setting that she has always belonged to in her mind. It is also about being able to see that the husband is very caring and loves his wife deeply. He is willing to have to work all these long hard years just to help her replace a piece of jewelry that gave her the one night that she has always wanted. You can also see how it is very important that you know that the plot of the story is about the necklace but also the lessons that you can learn from wanting more than you have. It is a big thing for the plot to be about the party because it is what makes the lady so desperate to be a part of and want to borrow what she believes is a very rich piece of jewelry. I do believe that you need to understand that the necklace is just a prop in the story line about the lady that is going to end up having to spend all of their extra money that they earn in order to replace this item that she has borrowed from her friend. No matter rather you can understand that the necklace is just a piece of jewelry for her to wear that makes her feel important or not you can also see how it is important for the lady to learn that not everything is what it appears to be in life either. This is a big lesson that many people need to be able to nderstand so that they will learn to be happy and not take things for granted like she did within this piece of literature. In the story that is called,†The Proposal† you can see how this is a play about the proposal of marriage to a woman who is just not fully accepting of the man wanting to marry her at first. It is very odd that the lady would want to argue over who owns what land and who does not. However at the same time the lady is madly in love with the man that is wanting to marry her but yet she is really not wanting to agree with him that he owns more land than her family does. It is just funny to read about how the two people begin to feel ill over the argument about the land that their families own once they realize how much they love each other and want to be together no matter what happens. This is a story about a man and woman loving each other and not wanting to set for just anyone or anything. This is going to be considered a first person themed story because of it being a play and the characters having to act out their own parts without a person to read the story lines to you from their point of view. You can really see how the play is going to express lots of different emotions and show you that things in life are not as important as the people that you love and care about deeply. It is really about the people that you are willing to learn to let things go for and not be worry about what happens in the end of life. You need to be able to see that this is a story about the setting which is apparently on a bunch of land in the woods, so most people would probably consider it to be a country style home. The country style home is the setting in which the man comes to ask the lady for her hand in marriage but must first talk to her father about doing so. In the story you can see how it is important that the man sit and talk to the girl’s father before he talks to her so that you can see how nervous and anxious he really is about asking her to marry him. The father in the story also ends up being the one that lets his daughter know just why the young man is there and arguing with her so much over a piece of land. You can also see how this story is again about the characters that are playing in it. You need to have these characters laid out for you to be able to understand this because of the fact that it is a play. You are going to want to understand that the young man is a very rich land owner and the older man in the story is the father to the young lady. The lady is also the one that is going to end up engaged in the end and the one who is arguing very much so over a piece of land that she feels is close to her heart. Overall though it is again about being able to see that the people in a story can make it or break it for most people who are reading and studying literature. You need to be able to feel connected to the stories in many ways and need to be able to understand that the characters are very important pieces to reading literature. You want to feel like you are sitting in the same room as the story is being told or played out in front of you. You want there to be a meaning behind the literature that you are reading or taking in, as to this is what makes literature grand. How to cite Literature Review on Marriage, Essays

Transformational Leadership Asia-Pacific Business Review

Question: Describe about the Transformational leadership of Asia-Pacific Business Review? Answer: Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership lays focus over the role of organization of managers and group performance on a whole. It is related to the basic process of management including organizing, controlling, and planning. The core power of this style of leadership is a result of formal authority and responsibility in the company. It is usually management style in which employees follow the order of the leader. The leadership is responsive which motivates the followers by appealing to the attribute of their self interest. The system of rewards and punishments further motivates them for tasks. The essential elements of transactional leadership are procedures, rules and standards. It focuses over performance and maintenance of organizational norms to promote the success. Transactional leaders provides explicit guidance to the followers by giving constructive feedbacks. The leaders respond to the deviations and identify corrective actions to enhance performance. Transformational Leader A transformational leader is defined by a clear vision, marked passion and an ability to recharge and energize the group of followers. Some of the major components of transformational leadership are intellectual stimulation to challenge the status quo and encourage creativity by offering opportunities; individualized consideration involving support and consideration in open lines of communication so that group can share ideas and contribute uniquely; inspirational motivation having a clear vision infused with passion; and idealized influence to serve as a role model including trust and respect for the leader and to internalize his ideals (Avolio, 2008). They aim to empower the group by aligning the goals with individual followers. Transformational leadership showcase high levels of performance and satisfaction in the group. Transformational leadership encourages in the moment feedback, cultivate the executive mentality, present new challenges and opportunities, respect the boundaries , provide flexibility etc. There is emphasis on intrinsic motivation and a positive environment in the group. It raises moral standards of the group by creating an ethnic climate and promoting cooperation appealing to the reason in the group. Servant Leadership Servant leaders have a will to serve the group focusing on the primary well being and growth. The style of leadership shares power and puts the needs of the followers at the prime position. It forms a long term concept to catalyze higher levels of trust and excellent corporate culture. They provide services as fundamental goals for community building and to nurture the spirit of meaningful work. It complements the democratic leadership style with attributes of learning, empathy, awareness, conceptualization, stewardship, commitment, persuasion etc. Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is the ability to evaluate ones own and others emotions to guide the behavior and thinking. The ability model is to focus on individual ability to process the emotional information and utilize it for social environment. The trait model is symbolic of behavioral dispositions through the metric of self report. The mixed model is combination of both the models. It is defined as the ability to understand, use, manage and identify emotions for positive communication and diffusion of conflicts. The attributes of emotional intelligence are self awareness, self management, social awareness, and relationship management. This factor affects the performance at work, mental and physical health and work relationships. The report would focus over the leadership style of Larry Page who have inspired the whole world with the company which has a mark on all the computers of the world. Larry Page is CEO of Google Inc. company pioneering in the world of search engines. Larry Page started Google with an open mind to provide best online search engine for the whole world. He is the inventor of PageRank which is well known search ranking algorithm. Earlier he was a computer science professor at Michigan State University. He found Google with Sergey Brin in 1998 to 2001. His earliest management styles included a checklist having principles that no one should delegate or get in the way of other peoples work. He suggested not be a bureaucrat and highlighted that ideas matter more than age. He led to the acquisition of Android in 2005 for $50 million. In the year of 2011 to 2013, the key goals for Page were to develop greater autonomy for executive that are overseeing the important divisions and to enhance the degree of collaboration and communication among the team. He developed L Team of senior vice presidents reporting directly to him and further formulated policy of zero tolerance for fighting. In 2006, he took over YouTube for about $1.65 billion. In the year 2013, he launched a Calico initiative which is an independent research and development project in biotechnology field. Larry Page is adorned with features of innovation with an open way of leading. He showcases trends of amalgamation of democratic leader, transformational leader and transactional leader.. He believes in the ideas given by the employees with the help of out of the box and critical thinking. He has adopted strategies for quick decision making having close collaboration with the team mates and encouraging them to present their project in just 60 words (Oke, 2009). He believes in the philosophy that more people and more resources available would enhance the quality of the work. He also believes in planning for a long term with an elongated tenure of planning. He is an excellent coach who inspires his team to express their interest and become result oriented. He promotes an open communication in the office and hence this leads to a healthy environment. He is quite flexible leader with time offs given to the employees to break their monotony, to help them focus better and to enhance the in novation and productivity. His leadership have offered unwavering support for the organizational goals. Based over the foundations of strong leadership and commitment, people with different backgrounds are able to enjoy comfortable working spaces and are cultivating their global rise. Some of his quotes are epitome of greatness and humbleness in leadership like, We should be building great things that do not exist. Larry page has a unique value of working with some of the most intelligence and smartest people in the world employed in the company. The flexibility, openness in communication and an informal behavior with the subordinates is the prime factor which inspires the common mass towards this inspirational leader who is dynamic and enigmatic in his actions that are fueled up with components of creativity. 1. The various problems that engulfed the fame and profits of the resort are introduction of various rules and regulations that are totally incoherent with the previous organizational culture. The change in the style of leadership from participative to autocratic made the employees resistant to change. Lack of training to cut the costs led to further detrimental effects over the organizational values in which employees were unaware of the basic ethics and morals of the industry. Salaries of employees were affected and they were highly disregarded in terms of pay for extra work. Poor living conditions made them against their organizational coherence. There were series of problems associated with incoming of the new manager who did not look into the structure of the organization before the introduction of the drastic changes in the culture.2. The manager did not comply by the mission of the resort as she sidelined the interests of the employees and treated them as slaves in the resorts by cutting short their benefits and salaries leading to a higher level of dissatisfaction and turnover. Also, the clients were agonized due to poor services which was a result of the changes introduced by the manager. These changes made the employees less interested and less motivated towards their work leading to a poor quality.3. Some of the valuable recommendations can help the resort to uphold its mission statement and to go hand in hand with the interests of the employees. Cost cutting should not be the only prime objective of the company rather the organization must be people oriented to drive their interest levels and encourage them to work hard for the company. Inspiring the employees is necessary for making them competent. The manager should build trust with the employees with the help of adjustment strategies and then with thorough discussion with the entire staff should introduce changes for cost cutting in a way that would not harm the interests of the employees. She sh ould introduce the changes at a slower pace with flexible approach by disseminating complete information to the employees and making them n active part of the change process. The decision making can be refined by inclusion of every stakeholder. She can revive the changes and redo the erroneous actions for regaining the trust and building upon a strong organization. References 1. Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., Riggio, R. E., Orr, S. S., Ciulla, J. B., Krishnan, V. R., ... Riggio, R. E. (2008). Transformational leadership.Asia-Pacific Business Review,4(1). 2. Oke, A., Munshi, N., Walumbwa, F. O. (2009). The influence of leadership on innovation processes and activities.Organizational Dynamics,38(1), 64-72.

Hamlet Essays (681 words) - Characters In Hamlet,

Hamlet In William Shakespeares Hamlet, the author weaves a tale of deception, murder, and love into five dramatic acts. Maintaining a fierce plot of murder between both Claudius and Hamlet, in some way each leads to death in the end. Along the way, however, all the characters suffer form the slings and arrows of their devious measures. Claudius and Hamlet, being related by blood are both alike in the sense that they too are filled with an eternal drive to fulfill their goals by whatever procedure necessary. While Claudius wears a mask of a loving brother who now has to take the role of father upon his nephew, Hamlet convinces even his own mother of his insanity. Claudius refers to his nephew in the sense that, Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother's death The memory be green, and that it us befitted To bear our hearts in grief, and our whole kingdom To be contracted in one brow of woe (I, ii, ll. 1-4) This only sets the tone for the entire play for his deceptive actions of being a doting parent, husband, and king while in reality having committed a heinous murder in order to obtain the power of the throne. His falsified feelings towards honestly and loyalty are dashed within act three, when he promotes his love for Hamlet, arranges for his death. The King plans for his stepson to be murdered while traveling to Engl and, but is unsuccessful. He then resorts to an alternate plan, but soon the guilt of his actions takes its toll as he cries, O tis too true. How smart a lash that speech doth give my conscience The harlots cheek, beautied with plastring art, Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it Than is my deed to my most painted word. O heavy burden! (3,I,49-53) Even the ghost of Hamlets father makes a comment referring to his brother as, Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. From these words of his father breeds the thought of revenge and hate against his uncle. In Act two and three, he leads his fellow friends and family to believe that he is, in fact, insane. Polonius, the father of Laertes and Hamlets love, Ophelia makes the comment that, That hes mad; tis true(2,ii,97) A plan that later leads to the insanity of Ophelia, most possibly the only one that Hamlet truly cares for. Also, in Act three, characters portray the actual event that is most likely the true cause of the death of the original King. It is humorously titled The Mousetrap(3,ii,219) because this is the proof Hamlet will need to positively be sure of his parents guilt. After the play ends, Claudius leaves in a rage and Hamlets mother calls to see him alone, confirming Hamlets theory to be true. While speaking to his mother alone he knows that he is being spied upon and draws his sword. He approaches a wall hanging that an intruder is hiding behind. Stabbing the person, and seeing his mother reaction he asks,Is it the King?(3,iv, 32). But, unfortunately, it is Ophelias father, Polonius. Because of his suspicion and anger from grief he kills an innocent person and also his loves father. It is because of these lies and miscommunication that another person dies at the hands of tainted blood. Trickery, lies, and betrayal all mark the lives of this tragic family all destined for an early death. A King that murders his own brother for his crown, a mother who weds her dead husbands brother, and a son who grieves to completely and utterly for his father that he leads himself into murder. All these factors lead into the overwhelming idea that commit these actions willingly, and not under a supreme power. Perpetrating the effects into occurrence, it only leads to the destruction of almost everyone who comes into contact with the characters. Shakespeare Essays

The relationship between democracy and Islam in Indonesia

The relationship between democracy and Islam in Indonesia The role of Islam in the transition to democracy in Indonesia This paper will discuss how Islam and democracy interact in Indonesia. The paper will look at the role of Islam in the transition to democracy, in which Islam has played a critical part in the pro-democracy movement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between democracy and Islam in Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Islam has played a crucial role in the research on the compatibility in Islam and democracy, in elections and in the building of a civil society in Indonesia. During the past decades, democracy and Islam have been a debatable topic and continues to be a major issue in political discussions. In the western world, Islam and democracy are viewed as fundamentally irreconcilable. Samuel Huntington argued that collapse of democratic system in the Islamic world is owed to the fact that the Islamic customs and society being unwelc oming to Western freethinking principles. According to some Muslim conservatives, the democracy values are contradicted with the concept of fundamental Islam. On the other hand, Indonesia has been considered as one of the Muslim countries that have been able to incorporate and consolidate democratic values into its political system. Robert Hefner points out that in countries such as Indonesia, Islam has became vital to democratization and has turn out to be the single most vital force for political transformation and democracy. This paper will argue the concept of Islam and Democracy can be compatible by looking at Indonesia as the majority Muslim country in the world. Throughout the history, the concept of democracy is marked by conflicting interpretation. The idea of democracy is always contested and vague where it is tricky to apply into practices. Huntington (1984, p.195) argues that the definition of democracy are legion where the term has been far from political area such the term has just been apply to institution. This is where citizens have the capacities to choose freely among political alternatives by making their own decisions that have a direct effect on their lives. Jillani (2006, p.728) states that such values of freedom, tolerance and equality are the principle of democracy that form government in a sovereignty state.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, in the western perspective, democracy and Islam are view as fundamentally incompatible. Huntington (1984, p.208) states that Islam are seen to be inhospitable to democracy. This is because Islamic revival especially the Shish fundamentalist in Middle East are strongly oppose and against the development of democracy as it is identified with Western liberal principles and such principle will denies the Islamic concept of the sovereignty of God. The Islamic fundamentalist is seen to be anti-democratic in the view of religious resurgence (Heryanto Mandal 2003, p.122). According to Effendy (2008, p.41) the concept of democracy is not foreign to Islamic thought. The values of democracy such as justice, consultation, egalitarian, trust and freedom are inherent to the corpus of Islamic ideas. As a result Islam is seen to be compatible with democracy through this perception where these values are obliged implemented in Muslim’s social culture, economic and political activities. Heryanto and Mandal (2003, p.123) argues that values have to be substantiate through educational reform and the creation of social institutions that encourage participation of society in the political and religious realm. On the other hand, the most important confront for democratization in the Muslim world are rely on Muslim leaders and intellectuals themselves to come up with rational systems of Islamic democracy that are not easy reformulations of Western philosophy offe red in Islamic expression. The diversity of Islam in Indonesia Among other Islamic country, democracy has been able to thrive among the largest number of the Muslims in Indonesia due to the moderate forms of Islam the citizens has been able to adopt (Azra Hudson 2008, p.47). There has been a blend between the myriad ways and the pre-existing religious practices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between democracy and Islam in Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has resulted to a richly distinctive variant. The form of Islam originally from Indonesia does not have the attribute of severity and rigidity. This has enabled it to get praise due to its moderation and tolerance. Hefner (2000, p.18) argues that democracy in Indonesia has become the single most important force for political change and democracy in the Muslim world in regards to the compatibility of Islam and democracy. According t o Carnegie, (2006, p.3), Indonesia is the country with the largest population of Muslims. Michael Buehler also states that the country is the third biggest democracy in the world, only after the U.S. and India (2009, p.51). Islam has a prominent sway in the Indonesia’s political landscape and offers an array of political and conceptual potentials for the nation. For instance, home-grown Abangan Islam is highly practiced in the Central and Eastern Java while Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)-the conventional Sunni Islam- is common in East Java. The current Islamic tenets of Muhammadiyah are prominent outside Java and synonymous with contemporary welfare services and education in Indonesia. Muhammadiyah is also popular among the young population who are more intellectual and autonomous in Indonesia (Carnegie, 2006, p.3). One of principal reasons that explain the cordial rapport between democracy and Islam in Indonesia is the disintegration of Islamic power in the country’s social soc iety (Buehler, 2009, p.53). The diversity of Islam in Indonesia is attributed to manner in which the Islamic alteration took place in the previous eras. The conversion of Indonesians to Islam was influenced by a number of factors such as accommodating prior Islamic tenets and observances that were common in various parts of Indonesia. The colonial rulers also contributed to Islamic diversity in Indonesia when they denied indigenous rulers authority to set up unified institutions of Islamic education, worship and pilgrimage.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The absence of a unified Islam structure has led to tectonic movements in the democratization of Islam in Indonesia. The country has thus witnessed the elimination of official constraints on the spiritual life of its population. Moreover, new types of religious practices have emerged thereby reducing the control of Islamic leaders in the whole country (Buehler, 2009, p.54). The role of Islam during election period in Indonesia The diffusion of Islamic authority and the vulnerability of social structure are more visible during voting periods. For example, during the gubernatorial vote in 2005, the authority of religious leader- the Tuan guru- was trivial as a result of a large number of Islamic leaders in South Kalimantan province. The candidates involved in the election knew that political support from religious figures was not adequate to augment their chances since all contestants had a Tuan guru in their campaign teams. Some resorted to use other strategies such as providing fina ncial support to social amenities such as schools, hospitals and mosques to woo voters. In addition, the waning influence of religious leaders has been manifested by the voters who have ditched Islamic leaders that support unpopular political parties (Buehler, 2009, p.55). The modern Muslim parties continue to play a vital role in the Indonesia’s democratic landscape. For example, in spite of their diverse political inclinations, the Muhammadiyah and NU parties strongly support the existence of a secular state and have censured terrorist activities and the parochial interpretation of Islamic laws (Smith, 2005, p.115). The role of radical Islamist in Indonesia According to Amir Santoso, the relationship between democracy and Islam in Indonesia has been characterized by the antagonism and tension between the ruling elites and Islam (1995, p.3). Right from the colonial period to post-Soeharto era, Muslims have used their religion as their platform for struggle against colonial r ule, oppression and as a tool for religious chauvinism (Jillani, 2006, p.727). During the formative years of Suharto’s totalitarian New Order and Islamic organizations were major political forces that strongly sustained the New Order in defeating communism. However, the cordial partnership collapsed in the late 1960s when the state was fully focused on the general election in early 1970s. There are a number of theories put forward to explain the demise of the alliance between the government and Islam in Indonesia. First, the demise of communism in the country meant that Islam was the main ideological option to Suharto’s regime. Second, Suharto’s New Order regime strongly believed that Islamic groups wanted to introduce Islamic tenets in the country. Finally, since the government’s main goals were political stability and economic growth, the government introduced containment policies to weaken the influence of Islam in Indonesia (Santoso, 1995, p.3). The c urrent democratic landscape in Indonesia has reduced the influence of radical Islam by giving its proponents democratic space to form political parties, take part in electoral process and freedom of press. This type of regime has thus been able to establish the politics and policies employed by Islamists. This theory is relevant to Middle East countries since flexible autocratic power of some regimes such as Indonesia have allowed the contribution of radical Islamists. The inclusion of radical Islamic groups in the democratic process compelled them to abandon their initial radical stands and in the end, adopted moderate positions (Nasr, 2005, p.13). In nutshell, the theory of flexible autocratic structure is that the involvement of radical Islam in political process leads to moderate Islam while their exclusion through oppression enhances Islamic radicalism (Hafez, 2005, p.4). References Azra, A. Hudson, H. (2008) Islam beyond Conflict: Indonesian Islam and Western Political Theory . Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. Buehler, M. (2009) Islam and Democracy in Indonesia. Insight Turkey, 11(4), 51-63. Carnegie, P. (2006) The Politics of Indonesia’s Islamic Identification. Dialogue, 4 (1), 1- 24. Effendy, B. (2008) Islam and the State in Indonesia. Web. Hafez, M. (2003) Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World. London, Lynne Rienner. Hefner, R. (2000) Civil Islam: Muslims and democratization in Indonesia. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Heryanto, A. and Mandal, S. (2003) Challenging authoritarianism in Southeast Asia.  London: Routledge. Huntington, S (1984) Will more countries become democratic? In Political Science Quarterly, 99 (2), 206-228. Jillani, H. (2006) Democracy and Islam: An Odyssey in Braving the Twenty-First Century. Brigham Young University Law Review, (3), 727-753. Nasr, V. (2005) The Rise of Muslim Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 16 (2), 13-27. Santoso, A. (1995) Islam and politics in Indonesia during the 1990s. Asi an Journal of Political Science, 3(1) 1-34. Smith, P. (2005) Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia. London: Sharpe.

Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation Essay

Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation between the instruments and the endogenous explanatory variable is weak - Essay Example To be able to understand the dynamics of a problem it is important to begin with determining the number of variables involved and the relationship between each variable and the problem. It is also important to understand how the involved variables affect each other or one another. The attempt of various researchers to understand the existing relationship has been unsuccessful under non-experimental scenery (Bound, Jaeger & Baker 443). The reason for the failure is the fact that some of the variables are endogenous. In other words, the variables are subject to the same factors that influence the research problem. The endogeniety trait of variables makes the ordinary least square biased and inconsistent therefore, making the research conclusion unreliable. Fortunately, there is a method of reducing the influence of variable endogeneity on research outcome has been determined. The method involves the use of an instrumental variable estimation. However, the method also experiences some problems. First, insufficient explanation of the variation of the endogenous explanatory variables. This could increase the error standard thus invalidates the research outcome. Secondly, the approximated limited samples are biased in the same magnitude as OLS when the coefficient of determination, (R2), between the instrument and the variables diminishes (Bound, Jaeger & Baker 443) To conclude, the problems with instrumental variable estimation are insufficient explanation in the deviation of the endogenous variables and the biases of finite samples when the R2 between the instrument and the variables decreases to zero. Bound, John, David A. Jaeger and Regina M. Baker. â€Å"Problems with Instrumental Variables Estimation when the Correlation between the Instruments and the Endogenous.† Journal of The American Statistical Association 90.430 (1995): 443.